6r91 is a 12 chain structure with sequence from Human. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
[DDB2_HUMAN] Defects in DDB2 are a cause of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E (XP-E) [MIM:278740]; also known as xeroderma pigmentosum V (XP5). XP-E is a rare human autosomal recessive disease characterized by solar sensitivity, high predisposition for developing cancers on areas exposed to sunlight and, in some cases, neurological abnormalities.[1]
Function
[DDB1_HUMAN] Required for DNA repair. Binds to DDB2 to form the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex (the UV-DDB complex). The UV-DDB complex may recognize UV-induced DNA damage and recruit proteins of the nucleotide excision repair pathway (the NER pathway) to initiate DNA repair. The UV-DDB complex preferentially binds to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), 6-4 photoproducts (6-4 PP), apurinic sites and short mismatches. Also appears to function as a component of numerous distinct DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. The functional specificity of the DCX E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex is determined by the variable substrate recognition component recruited by DDB1. DCX(DDB2) (also known as DDB1-CUL4-ROC1, CUL4-DDB-ROC1 and CUL4-DDB-RBX1) may ubiquitinate histone H2A, histone H3 and histone H4 at sites of UV-induced DNA damage. The ubiquitination of histones may facilitate their removal from the nucleosome and promote subsequent DNA repair. DCX(DDB2) also ubiquitinates XPC, which may enhance DNA-binding by XPC and promote NER. DCX(DTL) plays a role in PCNA-dependent polyubiquitination of CDT1 and MDM2-dependent ubiquitination of TP53 in response to radiation-induced DNA damage and during DNA replication. DCX(ERCC8) (the CSA complex) plays a role in transcription-coupled repair (TCR). May also play a role in ubiquitination of CDKN1B/p27kip when associated with CUL4 and SKP2.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] [DDB2_HUMAN] Required for DNA repair. Binds to DDB1 to form the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex (the UV-DDB complex). The UV-DDB complex may recognize UV-induced DNA damage and recruit proteins of the nucleotide excision repair pathway (the NER pathway) to initiate DNA repair. The UV-DDB complex preferentially binds to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), 6-4 photoproducts (6-4 PP), apurinic sites and short mismatches. Also appears to function as the substrate recognition module for the DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex DDB1-CUL4-ROC1 (also known as CUL4-DDB-ROC1 and CUL4-DDB-RBX1). The DDB1-CUL4-ROC1 complex may ubiquitinate histone H2A, histone H3 and histone H4 at sites of UV-induced DNA damage. The ubiquitination of histones may facilitate their removal from the nucleosome and promote subsequent DNA repair. The DDB1-CUL4-ROC1 complex also ubiquitinates XPC, which may enhance DNA-binding by XPC and promote NER. Isoform D1 and isoform D2 inhibit UV-damaged DNA repair.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] [H2B1J_HUMAN] Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.[30][31][32] Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.[33][34][35]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Access to DNA packaged in nucleosomes is critical for gene regulation, DNA replication and DNA repair. In humans, the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein (UV-DDB) complex detects UV-light-induced pyrimidine dimers throughout the genome; however, it remains unknown how these lesions are recognized in chromatin, in which nucleosomes restrict access to DNA. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of UV-DDB bound to nucleosomes bearing a 6-4 pyrimidine-pyrimidone dimer or a DNA-damage mimic in various positions. We find that UV-DDB binds UV-damaged nucleosomes at lesions located in the solvent-facing minor groove without affecting the overall nucleosome architecture. In the case of buried lesions that face the histone core, UV-DDB changes the predominant translational register of the nucleosome and selectively binds the lesion in an accessible, exposed position. Our findings explain how UV-DDB detects occluded lesions in strongly positioned nucleosomes, and identify slide-assisted site exposure as a mechanism by which high-affinity DNA-binding proteins can access otherwise occluded sites in nucleosomal DNA.
DNA damage detection in nucleosomes involves DNA register shifting.,Matsumoto S, Cavadini S, Bunker RD, Grand RS, Potenza A, Rabl J, Yamamoto J, Schenk AD, Schubeler D, Iwai S, Sugasawa K, Kurumizaka H, Thoma NH Nature. 2019 May 29. pii: 10.1038/s41586-019-1259-3. doi:, 10.1038/s41586-019-1259-3. PMID:31142837[36]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ Nichols AF, Ong P, Linn S. Mutations specific to the xeroderma pigmentosum group E Ddb- phenotype. J Biol Chem. 1996 Oct 4;271(40):24317-20. PMID:8798680
↑ Groisman R, Polanowska J, Kuraoka I, Sawada J, Saijo M, Drapkin R, Kisselev AF, Tanaka K, Nakatani Y. The ubiquitin ligase activity in the DDB2 and CSA complexes is differentially regulated by the COP9 signalosome in response to DNA damage. Cell. 2003 May 2;113(3):357-67. PMID:12732143
↑ Hu J, McCall CM, Ohta T, Xiong Y. Targeted ubiquitination of CDT1 by the DDB1-CUL4A-ROC1 ligase in response to DNA damage. Nat Cell Biol. 2004 Oct;6(10):1003-9. Epub 2004 Sep 26. PMID:15448697 doi:10.1038/ncb1172
↑ Wertz IE, O'Rourke KM, Zhang Z, Dornan D, Arnott D, Deshaies RJ, Dixit VM. Human De-etiolated-1 regulates c-Jun by assembling a CUL4A ubiquitin ligase. Science. 2004 Feb 27;303(5662):1371-4. Epub 2004 Jan 22. PMID:14739464 doi:10.1126/science.1093549
↑ Sugasawa K, Okuda Y, Saijo M, Nishi R, Matsuda N, Chu G, Mori T, Iwai S, Tanaka K, Tanaka K, Hanaoka F. UV-induced ubiquitylation of XPC protein mediated by UV-DDB-ubiquitin ligase complex. Cell. 2005 May 6;121(3):387-400. PMID:15882621 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.035
↑ Kulaksiz G, Reardon JT, Sancar A. Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E protein (XPE/DDB2): purification of various complexes of XPE and analyses of their damaged DNA binding and putative DNA repair properties. Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Nov;25(22):9784-92. PMID:16260596 doi:10.1128/MCB.25.22.9784-9792.2005
↑ Nishitani H, Sugimoto N, Roukos V, Nakanishi Y, Saijo M, Obuse C, Tsurimoto T, Nakayama KI, Nakayama K, Fujita M, Lygerou Z, Nishimoto T. Two E3 ubiquitin ligases, SCF-Skp2 and DDB1-Cul4, target human Cdt1 for proteolysis. EMBO J. 2006 Mar 8;25(5):1126-36. Epub 2006 Feb 16. PMID:16482215 doi:7601002
↑ He YJ, McCall CM, Hu J, Zeng Y, Xiong Y. DDB1 functions as a linker to recruit receptor WD40 proteins to CUL4-ROC1 ubiquitin ligases. Genes Dev. 2006 Nov 1;20(21):2949-54. PMID:17079684 doi:20/21/2949
↑ Hu J, Xiong Y. An evolutionarily conserved function of proliferating cell nuclear antigen for Cdt1 degradation by the Cul4-Ddb1 ubiquitin ligase in response to DNA damage. J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 17;281(7):3753-6. Epub 2006 Jan 3. PMID:16407242 doi:10.1074/jbc.C500464200
↑ Senga T, Sivaprasad U, Zhu W, Park JH, Arias EE, Walter JC, Dutta A. PCNA is a cofactor for Cdt1 degradation by CUL4/DDB1-mediated N-terminal ubiquitination. J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 10;281(10):6246-52. Epub 2006 Jan 9. PMID:16407252 doi:M512705200
↑ Wang H, Zhai L, Xu J, Joo HY, Jackson S, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Xiong Y, Zhang Y. Histone H3 and H4 ubiquitylation by the CUL4-DDB-ROC1 ubiquitin ligase facilitates cellular response to DNA damage. Mol Cell. 2006 May 5;22(3):383-94. PMID:16678110 doi:S1097-2765(06)00230-9
↑ Lovejoy CA, Lock K, Yenamandra A, Cortez D. DDB1 maintains genome integrity through regulation of Cdt1. Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Nov;26(21):7977-90. Epub 2006 Aug 28. PMID:16940174 doi:MCB.00819-06
↑ Higa LA, Wu M, Ye T, Kobayashi R, Sun H, Zhang H. CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase interacts with multiple WD40-repeat proteins and regulates histone methylation. Nat Cell Biol. 2006 Nov;8(11):1277-83. Epub 2006 Oct 15. PMID:17041588 doi:10.1038/ncb1490
↑ Kapetanaki MG, Guerrero-Santoro J, Bisi DC, Hsieh CL, Rapic-Otrin V, Levine AS. The DDB1-CUL4ADDB2 ubiquitin ligase is deficient in xeroderma pigmentosum group E and targets histone H2A at UV-damaged DNA sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21;103(8):2588-93. Epub 2006 Feb 10. PMID:16473935 doi:10.1073/pnas.0511160103
↑ Guerrero-Santoro J, Kapetanaki MG, Hsieh CL, Gorbachinsky I, Levine AS, Rapic-Otrin V. The cullin 4B-based UV-damaged DNA-binding protein ligase binds to UV-damaged chromatin and ubiquitinates histone H2A. Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 1;68(13):5014-22. PMID:18593899 doi:68/13/5014
↑ Hu J, Zacharek S, He YJ, Lee H, Shumway S, Duronio RJ, Xiong Y. WD40 protein FBW5 promotes ubiquitination of tumor suppressor TSC2 by DDB1-CUL4-ROC1 ligase. Genes Dev. 2008 Apr 1;22(7):866-71. doi: 10.1101/gad.1624008. PMID:18381890 doi:10.1101/gad.1624008
↑ Huang J, Chen J. VprBP targets Merlin to the Roc1-Cul4A-DDB1 E3 ligase complex for degradation. Oncogene. 2008 Jul 3;27(29):4056-64. Epub 2008 Mar 10. PMID:18332868 doi:onc200844
↑ Inoki T, Yamagami S, Inoki Y, Tsuru T, Hamamoto T, Kagawa Y, Mori T, Endo H. Human DDB2 splicing variants are dominant negative inhibitors of UV-damaged DNA repair. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Feb 20;314(4):1036-43. PMID:14751237
↑ Hwang BJ, Ford JM, Hanawalt PC, Chu G. Expression of the p48 xeroderma pigmentosum gene is p53-dependent and is involved in global genomic repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jan 19;96(2):424-8. PMID:9892649
↑ Tang JY, Hwang BJ, Ford JM, Hanawalt PC, Chu G. Xeroderma pigmentosum p48 gene enhances global genomic repair and suppresses UV-induced mutagenesis. Mol Cell. 2000 Apr;5(4):737-44. PMID:10882109
↑ Wakasugi M, Shimizu M, Morioka H, Linn S, Nikaido O, Matsunaga T. Damaged DNA-binding protein DDB stimulates the excision of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in vitro in concert with XPA and replication protein A. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 4;276(18):15434-40. Epub 2001 Feb 2. PMID:11278856 doi:10.1074/jbc.M011177200
↑ Wakasugi M, Kawashima A, Morioka H, Linn S, Sancar A, Mori T, Nikaido O, Matsunaga T. DDB accumulates at DNA damage sites immediately after UV irradiation and directly stimulates nucleotide excision repair. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jan 18;277(3):1637-40. Epub 2001 Nov 8. PMID:11705987 doi:10.1074/jbc.C100610200
↑ Groisman R, Polanowska J, Kuraoka I, Sawada J, Saijo M, Drapkin R, Kisselev AF, Tanaka K, Nakatani Y. The ubiquitin ligase activity in the DDB2 and CSA complexes is differentially regulated by the COP9 signalosome in response to DNA damage. Cell. 2003 May 2;113(3):357-67. PMID:12732143
↑ Fitch ME, Nakajima S, Yasui A, Ford JM. In vivo recruitment of XPC to UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers by the DDB2 gene product. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 21;278(47):46906-10. Epub 2003 Aug 27. PMID:12944386 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M307254200
↑ Sugasawa K, Okuda Y, Saijo M, Nishi R, Matsuda N, Chu G, Mori T, Iwai S, Tanaka K, Tanaka K, Hanaoka F. UV-induced ubiquitylation of XPC protein mediated by UV-DDB-ubiquitin ligase complex. Cell. 2005 May 6;121(3):387-400. PMID:15882621 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.035
↑ Kulaksiz G, Reardon JT, Sancar A. Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E protein (XPE/DDB2): purification of various complexes of XPE and analyses of their damaged DNA binding and putative DNA repair properties. Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Nov;25(22):9784-92. PMID:16260596 doi:10.1128/MCB.25.22.9784-9792.2005
↑ Wang H, Zhai L, Xu J, Joo HY, Jackson S, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Xiong Y, Zhang Y. Histone H3 and H4 ubiquitylation by the CUL4-DDB-ROC1 ubiquitin ligase facilitates cellular response to DNA damage. Mol Cell. 2006 May 5;22(3):383-94. PMID:16678110 doi:S1097-2765(06)00230-9
↑ Kapetanaki MG, Guerrero-Santoro J, Bisi DC, Hsieh CL, Rapic-Otrin V, Levine AS. The DDB1-CUL4ADDB2 ubiquitin ligase is deficient in xeroderma pigmentosum group E and targets histone H2A at UV-damaged DNA sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21;103(8):2588-93. Epub 2006 Feb 10. PMID:16473935 doi:10.1073/pnas.0511160103
↑ Guerrero-Santoro J, Kapetanaki MG, Hsieh CL, Gorbachinsky I, Levine AS, Rapic-Otrin V. The cullin 4B-based UV-damaged DNA-binding protein ligase binds to UV-damaged chromatin and ubiquitinates histone H2A. Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 1;68(13):5014-22. PMID:18593899 doi:68/13/5014
↑ Kim HS, Cho JH, Park HW, Yoon H, Kim MS, Kim SC. Endotoxin-neutralizing antimicrobial proteins of the human placenta. J Immunol. 2002 Mar 1;168(5):2356-64. PMID:11859126
↑ Tollin M, Bergman P, Svenberg T, Jornvall H, Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B. Antimicrobial peptides in the first line defence of human colon mucosa. Peptides. 2003 Apr;24(4):523-30. PMID:12860195
↑ Howell SJ, Wilk D, Yadav SP, Bevins CL. Antimicrobial polypeptides of the human colonic epithelium. Peptides. 2003 Nov;24(11):1763-70. PMID:15019208 doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2003.07.028
↑ Kim HS, Cho JH, Park HW, Yoon H, Kim MS, Kim SC. Endotoxin-neutralizing antimicrobial proteins of the human placenta. J Immunol. 2002 Mar 1;168(5):2356-64. PMID:11859126
↑ Tollin M, Bergman P, Svenberg T, Jornvall H, Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B. Antimicrobial peptides in the first line defence of human colon mucosa. Peptides. 2003 Apr;24(4):523-30. PMID:12860195
↑ Howell SJ, Wilk D, Yadav SP, Bevins CL. Antimicrobial polypeptides of the human colonic epithelium. Peptides. 2003 Nov;24(11):1763-70. PMID:15019208 doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2003.07.028
↑ Matsumoto S, Cavadini S, Bunker RD, Grand RS, Potenza A, Rabl J, Yamamoto J, Schenk AD, Schubeler D, Iwai S, Sugasawa K, Kurumizaka H, Thoma NH. DNA damage detection in nucleosomes involves DNA register shifting. Nature. 2019 May 29. pii: 10.1038/s41586-019-1259-3. doi:, 10.1038/s41586-019-1259-3. PMID:31142837 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1259-3
