3jrq

Structural highlights

Function

P2C56_ARATH Key component and repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, osmotic water permeability of the plasma membrane (Pos), drought-induced resistance and rhizogenesis, response to glucose, high light stress, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. During the stomatal closure regulation, modulates the inward calcium-channel permeability as well as the actin reorganization in guard cells in response to ABA. Involved in the resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Controls negatively fibrillin expression that is involved in mediating ABA-induced photoprotection. May be involved in ABA content regulation. Plays a role in the Pro accumulation in response to reduced water availability (low water potential). Required for the ABA negative regulation of the ethylene-induced hyponastic growth. Involved in acquired thermotolerance of root growth and seedling survival. Activates/represses SRK2E/OST1 in response to ABA-dependent stimuli, especially in stomata closure regulation involving SLAC1.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49]}

Evolutionary Conservation

Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.

See Also

• Abscisic acid receptor 3D structures
• Protein phosphatase 3D structures

References

1. ↑ Mantyla E, Lang V, Palva ET. Role of Abscisic Acid in Drought-Induced Freezing Tolerance, Cold Acclimation, and Accumulation of LT178 and RAB18 Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1995 Jan;107(1):141-148. PMID:12228349
2. ↑ Gilmour SJ, Thomashow MF. Cold acclimation and cold-regulated gene expression in ABA mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol. 1991 Dec;17(6):1233-40. PMID:1834244
3. ↑ Schnall JA, Quatrano RS. Abscisic Acid Elicits the Water-Stress Response in Root Hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1992 Sep;100(1):216-218. PMID:16652949
4. ↑ Finkelstein RR. Abscisic acid-insensitive mutations provide evidence for stage-specific signal pathways regulating expression of an Arabidopsis late embryogenesis-abundant (lea) gene. Mol Gen Genet. 1993 Apr;238(3):401-8. PMID:8492808
5. ↑ Finkelstein RR. Maternal Effects Govern Variable Dominance of Two Abscisic Acid Response Mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1994 Aug;105(4):1203-1208. PMID:12232276
6. ↑ Vartanian N, Marcotte L, Giraudat J. Drought Rhizogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana (Differential Responses of Hormonal Mutants). Plant Physiol. 1994 Feb;104(2):761-767. PMID:12232124
7. ↑ Armstrong F, Leung J, Grabov A, Brearley J, Giraudat J, Blatt MR. Sensitivity to abscisic acid of guard-cell K+ channels is suppressed by abi1-1, a mutant Arabidopsis gene encoding a putative protein phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Oct 10;92(21):9520-4. PMID:7568166
8. ↑ Mantyla E, Lang V, Palva ET. Role of Abscisic Acid in Drought-Induced Freezing Tolerance, Cold Acclimation, and Accumulation of LT178 and RAB18 Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1995 Jan;107(1):141-148. PMID:12228349
9. ↑ Bertauche N, Leung J, Giraudat J. Protein phosphatase activity of abscisic acid insensitive 1 (ABI1) protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Oct 1;241(1):193-200. PMID:8898906
10. ↑ Soderman E, Mattsson J, Engstrom P. The Arabidopsis homeobox gene ATHB-7 is induced by water deficit and by abscisic acid. Plant J. 1996 Aug;10(2):375-81. PMID:8771791
11. ↑ Savoure A, Hua XJ, Bertauche N, Van Montagu M, Verbruggen N. Abscisic acid-independent and abscisic acid-dependent regulation of proline biosynthesis following cold and osmotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet. 1997 Mar 18;254(1):104-9. PMID:9108297
12. ↑ Pei ZM, Kuchitsu K, Ward JM, Schwarz M, Schroeder JI. Differential abscisic acid regulation of guard cell slow anion channels in Arabidopsis wild-type and abi1 and abi2 mutants. Plant Cell. 1997 Mar;9(3):409-23. PMID:9090884 doi:10.1105/tpc.9.3.409
13. ↑ Leung J, Merlot S, Giraudat J. The Arabidopsis ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE2 (ABI2) and ABI1 genes encode homologous protein phosphatases 2C involved in abscisic acid signal transduction. Plant Cell. 1997 May;9(5):759-71. PMID:9165752 doi:10.1105/tpc.9.5.759
14. ↑ Parcy F, Giraudat J. Interactions between the ABI1 and the ectopically expressed ABI3 genes in controlling abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis vegetative tissues. Plant J. 1997 Apr;11(4):693-702. PMID:9161030
15. ↑ Grabov A, Leung J, Giraudat J, Blatt MR. Alteration of anion channel kinetics in wild-type and abi1-1 transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana guard cells by abscisic acid. Plant J. 1997 Jul;12(1):203-13. PMID:9263461
16. ↑ Strizhov N, Abraham E, Okresz L, Blickling S, Zilberstein A, Schell J, Koncz C, Szabados L. Differential expression of two P5CS genes controlling proline accumulation during salt-stress requires ABA and is regulated by ABA1, ABI1 and AXR2 in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 1997 Sep;12(3):557-69. PMID:9351242
17. ↑ Webb AA, Hetherington AM. Convergence of the abscisic acid, CO2, and extracellular calcium signal transduction pathways in stomatal guard cells. Plant Physiol. 1997 Aug;114(4):1557-60. PMID:9276963
18. ↑ Sheen J. Mutational analysis of protein phosphatase 2C involved in abscisic acid signal transduction in higher plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 3;95(3):975-80. PMID:9448270
19. ↑ Leung J, Merlot S, Gosti F, Bertauche N, Blatt MR, Giraudat J. The role of ABI1 in abscisic acid signal transduction: from gene to cell. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1998;51:65-71. PMID:10645425
20. ↑ Allen GJ, Kuchitsu K, Chu SP, Murata Y, Schroeder JI. Arabidopsis abi1-1 and abi2-1 phosphatase mutations reduce abscisic acid-induced cytoplasmic calcium rises in guard cells. Plant Cell. 1999 Sep;11(9):1785-98. PMID:10488243
21. ↑ Gosti F, Beaudoin N, Serizet C, Webb AA, Vartanian N, Giraudat J. ABI1 protein phosphatase 2C is a negative regulator of abscisic acid signaling. Plant Cell. 1999 Oct;11(10):1897-910. PMID:10521520
22. ↑ Arenas-Huertero F, Arroyo A, Zhou L, Sheen J, Leon P. Analysis of Arabidopsis glucose insensitive mutants, gin5 and gin6, reveals a central role of the plant hormone ABA in the regulation of plant vegetative development by sugar. Genes Dev. 2000 Aug 15;14(16):2085-96. PMID:10950871
23. ↑ Chak RK, Thomas TL, Quatrano RS, Rock CD. The genes ABI1 and ABI2 are involved in abscisic acid- and drought-inducible expression of the Daucus carota L. Dc3 promoter in guard cells of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta. 2000 May;210(6):875-83. PMID:10872217
24. ↑ Morillon R, Chrispeels MJ. The role of ABA and the transpiration stream in the regulation of the osmotic water permeability of leaf cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Nov 20;98(24):14138-43. Epub 2001 Nov 13. PMID:11707572 doi:10.1073/pnas.231471998
25. ↑ Merlot S, Gosti F, Guerrier D, Vavasseur A, Giraudat J. The ABI1 and ABI2 protein phosphatases 2C act in a negative feedback regulatory loop of the abscisic acid signalling pathway. Plant J. 2001 Feb;25(3):295-303. PMID:11208021
26. ↑ Shen Q, Gomez-Cadenas A, Zhang P, Walker-Simmons MK, Sheen J, Ho TH. Dissection of abscisic acid signal transduction pathways in barley aleurone layers. Plant Mol Biol. 2001 Oct;47(3):437-48. PMID:11587514
27. ↑ Eun SO, Bae SH, Lee Y. Cortical actin filaments in guard cells respond differently to abscisic acid in wild-type and abi1-1 mutant Arabidopsis. Planta. 2001 Feb;212(3):466-9. PMID:11289613
28. ↑ Murata Y, Pei ZM, Mori IC, Schroeder J. Abscisic acid activation of plasma membrane Ca(2+) channels in guard cells requires cytosolic NAD(P)H and is differentially disrupted upstream and downstream of reactive oxygen species production in abi1-1 and abi2-1 protein phosphatase 2C mutants. Plant Cell. 2001 Nov;13(11):2513-23. PMID:11701885
29. ↑ Guo Y, Xiong L, Song CP, Gong D, Halfter U, Zhu JK. A calcium sensor and its interacting protein kinase are global regulators of abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell. 2002 Aug;3(2):233-44. PMID:12194854
30. ↑ Himmelbach A, Hoffmann T, Leube M, Hohener B, Grill E. Homeodomain protein ATHB6 is a target of the protein phosphatase ABI1 and regulates hormone responses in Arabidopsis. EMBO J. 2002 Jun 17;21(12):3029-38. PMID:12065416 doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf316
31. ↑ Hoth S, Morgante M, Sanchez JP, Hanafey MK, Tingey SV, Chua NH. Genome-wide gene expression profiling in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals new targets of abscisic acid and largely impaired gene regulation in the abi1-1 mutant. J Cell Sci. 2002 Dec 15;115(Pt 24):4891-900. PMID:12432076
32. ↑ Merlot S, Mustilli AC, Genty B, North H, Lefebvre V, Sotta B, Vavasseur A, Giraudat J. Use of infrared thermal imaging to isolate Arabidopsis mutants defective in stomatal regulation. Plant J. 2002 Jun;30(5):601-9. PMID:12047634
33. ↑ Wu Y, Sanchez JP, Lopez-Molina L, Himmelbach A, Grill E, Chua NH. The abi1-1 mutation blocks ABA signaling downstream of cADPR action. Plant J. 2003 May;34(3):307-15. PMID:12713537
34. ↑ Stepansky A, Galili G. Synthesis of the Arabidopsis bifunctional lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase enzyme of lysine catabolism is concertedly regulated by metabolic and stress-associated signals. Plant Physiol. 2003 Nov;133(3):1407-15. Epub 2003 Oct 23. PMID:14576281 doi:10.1104/pp.103.026294
35. ↑ Becker D, Hoth S, Ache P, Wenkel S, Roelfsema MR, Meyerhoff O, Hartung W, Hedrich R. Regulation of the ABA-sensitive Arabidopsis potassium channel gene GORK in response to water stress. FEBS Lett. 2003 Nov 6;554(1-2):119-26. PMID:14596925
36. ↑ Fryer MJ, Ball L, Oxborough K, Karpinski S, Mullineaux PM, Baker NR. Control of Ascorbate Peroxidase 2 expression by hydrogen peroxide and leaf water status during excess light stress reveals a functional organisation of Arabidopsis leaves. Plant J. 2003 Feb;33(4):691-705. PMID:12609042
37. ↑ Chini A, Grant JJ, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Loake GJ. Drought tolerance established by enhanced expression of the CC-NBS-LRR gene, ADR1, requires salicylic acid, EDS1 and ABI1. Plant J. 2004 Jun;38(5):810-22. PMID:15144382 doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02086.x
38. ↑ Zhang W, Qin C, Zhao J, Wang X. Phospholipase D alpha 1-derived phosphatidic acid interacts with ABI1 phosphatase 2C and regulates abscisic acid signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 22;101(25):9508-13. Epub 2004 Jun 14. PMID:15197253 doi:10.1073/pnas.0402112101
39. ↑ Christmann A, Hoffmann T, Teplova I, Grill E, Muller A. Generation of active pools of abscisic acid revealed by in vivo imaging of water-stressed Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2005 Jan;137(1):209-19. Epub 2004 Dec 23. PMID:15618419 doi:10.1104/pp.104.053082
40. ↑ Larkindale J, Hall JD, Knight MR, Vierling E. Heat stress phenotypes of Arabidopsis mutants implicate multiple signaling pathways in the acquisition of thermotolerance. Plant Physiol. 2005 Jun;138(2):882-97. Epub 2005 May 27. PMID:15923322 doi:10.1104/pp.105.062257
41. ↑ Yoshida R, Umezawa T, Mizoguchi T, Takahashi S, Takahashi F, Shinozaki K. The regulatory domain of SRK2E/OST1/SnRK2.6 interacts with ABI1 and integrates abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotic stress signals controlling stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 24;281(8):5310-8. Epub 2005 Dec 19. PMID:16365038 doi:M509820200
42. ↑ Verslues PE, Bray EA. Role of abscisic acid (ABA) and Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-insensitive loci in low water potential-induced ABA and proline accumulation. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(1):201-12. Epub 2005 Dec 9. PMID:16339784 doi:10.1093/jxb/erj026
43. ↑ Yang Y, Sulpice R, Himmelbach A, Meinhard M, Christmann A, Grill E. Fibrillin expression is regulated by abscisic acid response regulators and is involved in abscisic acid-mediated photoprotection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Apr 11;103(15):6061-6. Epub 2006 Mar 29. PMID:16571665 doi:0501720103
44. ↑ Saez A, Robert N, Maktabi MH, Schroeder JI, Serrano R, Rodriguez PL. Enhancement of abscisic acid sensitivity and reduction of water consumption in Arabidopsis by combined inactivation of the protein phosphatases type 2C ABI1 and HAB1. Plant Physiol. 2006 Aug;141(4):1389-99. Epub 2006 Jun 23. PMID:16798945 doi:10.1104/pp.106.081018
45. ↑ Mishra G, Zhang W, Deng F, Zhao J, Wang X. A bifurcating pathway directs abscisic acid effects on stomatal closure and opening in Arabidopsis. Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):264-6. PMID:16614222 doi:312/5771/264
46. ↑ de Torres-Zabala M, Truman W, Bennett MH, Lafforgue G, Mansfield JW, Rodriguez Egea P, Bogre L, Grant M. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato hijacks the Arabidopsis abscisic acid signalling pathway to cause disease. EMBO J. 2007 Mar 7;26(5):1434-43. Epub 2007 Feb 15. PMID:17304219 doi:7601575
47. ↑ Benschop JJ, Millenaar FF, Smeets ME, van Zanten M, Voesenek LA, Peeters AJ. Abscisic acid antagonizes ethylene-induced hyponastic growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2007 Feb;143(2):1013-23. Epub 2006 Dec 8. PMID:17158582 doi:10.1104/pp.106.092700
48. ↑ Moes D, Himmelbach A, Korte A, Haberer G, Grill E. Nuclear localization of the mutant protein phosphatase abi1 is required for insensitivity towards ABA responses in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2008 Jun;54(5):806-19. Epub 2008 Feb 22. PMID:18298671 doi:TPJ3454
49. ↑ Geiger D, Scherzer S, Mumm P, Stange A, Marten I, Bauer H, Ache P, Matschi S, Liese A, Al-Rasheid KA, Romeis T, Hedrich R. Activity of guard cell anion channel SLAC1 is controlled by drought-stress signaling kinase-phosphatase pair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 15;106(50):21425-30. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.0912021106. Epub 2009 Dec 2. PMID:19955405 doi:10.1073/pnas.0912021106
50. ↑ Miyazono K, Miyakawa T, Sawano Y, Kubota K, Kang HJ, Asano A, Miyauchi Y, Takahashi M, Zhi Y, Fujita Y, Yoshida T, Kodaira KS, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Tanokura M. Structural basis of abscisic acid signalling. Nature. 2009 Dec 3;462(7273):609-14. PMID:19855379 doi:10.1038/nature08583